The Impact Of Globalization On Climate Change - 1535 Words

The 2015 Paris Climate Talks allow for an opportune time for the governments of the United Nations to address the impact of Industrialization on climate change. The scientific evidence is conclusive, carbon dioxide is the single most greenhouse gas made by humans and its effect range from short term problems such as floods, droughts, and crop failures to more serious long term effects such as elevated sea levels, rising global temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and the loss of essential animal species. James Porterba emphasizes the importance of â€Å"multilateral environmental actions.† Porterba stresses that no single nation can stabilize greenhouse gasses (GHG) alone. Furthermore, international competition can complicate environmental policy by enabling a â€Å"race to the bottom.† If one nation enacts laws to reduce emissions, companies may move their factories to nations with less rigorous emission standards. Multilateral coalitions are hard to achiev e but can be made easier by wealthy nations providing transfers to convince other nations to join an environmental accord. However, these actions encourage free riding on the behalf of developing nations as these nations might have joined anyways. Providing transfers/subsidies to either developing nations or domestic firms not only encourages free riding, but also proves to be costly. Due to the fact that developing nations tend to have higher shares of their GDP from agriculture output than developed nations, they tendShow MoreRelatedA Theoretical Review Of Global Stratification913 Words   |  4 PagesUnited Nations climate convention was held in Paris. Global stratification impacts the environment because high- and middle-income countries are more industrialized and, therefore, contribute more to the climate impact. Developed countries have accounted for most of the greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere with their unrestrained industrialization. Because developing countries are less prepared and often located in tropical regions, these poor countries are hit hard by climate change in the form ofRead MoreThe Fundamentals Of Globalization On The National Security Strategy 20151632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fundamentals of Globalization directly affect US interest IAW the National Security Strategy 2015. Those interests’ hinge on four critical aspects in which, global economic malaise and violet extremism can adversely affect two of the four interests. Those two interests are the security of US citizens and allies, and a strong and prosperous international economy. Violet extremism is by far the greatest challenge of the two. Globalization is an appealing concept that has many various interpretationsRead MoreThe Australian Youth Climate Coalition1232 Words   |  5 PagesASSESSMENT TYPE 1: FOLIO Task Five: Sources Analysis (Group 2 – People and Environment) The Australian Youth Climate Coalition (AYCC) is a youth organization in Australia. The organization aims to build a generation-wide movement to solve the climate crisis, through uniting diverse youth organizations around this common challenge. The AYCC are trying to Raising awareness on climate change and one of the strategy that they are trying to use is â€Å"think globally, act locally†. This means they are tryingRead MoreGlobalization : The World Of Politics And The Human Population1648 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization influences many aspects of human life, it is a process of change, the process of collaboration and integration among the people and businesses of different nations, it is a process propelled by trade, investment and technology. The process of globalization has great purpose for bring people together and sharing ideas however, it has effects on the environment, culture, the economy, politics and the human population (Globalization 101). Globalization has effected the environment dueRead MoreThe Dangers Of Threats To The United States1215 Words   |  5 Pagespeople everyday who would do anything to make sure the US can no longer be the biggest world power. The United States is currently battling some pretty serious threats to their security such as: ISIS, cyber threats, climate change, and nuclear security within other states. Globalization has hugely impacted America’s position in the world because of our democracy being the world’s leading superpower and our MNC’s contributing greatly to American consumerism. ISIS or commonly known as â€Å"ISIL† posesRead MoreGlobalization and Environmental Change1812 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Globalization and Environmental Change Introduction Globalization, described as the expansion, intensification and acceleration of global interconnectedness, is one of the intense phenomena that the contemporary era has experienced. It has influenced the monetary, ecological, and societal characteristics of all the nations of the world. Due to both positive and negative consequences on the life of the citizens the world over, globalization is one of the most talked about issue of this centuryRead MoreHow Technology Is Impacting Globalization974 Words   |  4 Pages Globalization is the process by which people, businesses and countries become more connected and interdependent. With new technology it has become so much easier to access data, from anywhere in the world. The world has many problems that cannot be fixed without globalization and by moving towards one global culture. The world is moving towards one global culture because different cultures are adapting and sharing ideas of others that are gradually changing the way peopl e in these cultures liveRead MoreHow Has Globalization Impacted Water Scarcity?1257 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Globalization (GSSC 1083) Research Paper How has globalization impacted water scarcity? Name: Yash Patel Professor’s name: Jamie Zarowitz Date: 8th November Can you imagine living in a world where the most abundant and needed resource water was not available to you. This is the reality many people around the world are facing right now. Globalization has had far-reaching effects on our lifestyle. â€Å"It has led to faster access to technology, improved communicationRead MoreSheilah Otieno. Professor Hax. T-Sem 102-65. April 4, 2017.1518 Words   |  7 Pagesthings that we buy, use, and throw away, are all intertwined and built to impact climate change. Readings such as: Poverty, the environment, and the market, Tangled routes, the story of stuff, and This Changes everything gave us a glimpse into how humans are the primary contributors to climate change. Also, the movie; These changes everything, builds upon the image that humans are the primary contributors to climate change. Poverty, the Environment, and the market â€Å"The poorer countries trade, theRead MoreGlabalization and Climate Change Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesSynthesis Essay Globalization and climate change The climate is changing whether its wanted or not these events of melted polar ice caps, dramatic changes in weather; drought, warmer wetter winters and rising sea levels, also increased Co2 emissions in the atmosphere are only of few changes that have been increased by globalization. The economic pressure that is being forced is causing more harm to our living planet then some seem to know. Trying to slow the trend of globalization is highly unlikely

Human Nature Consists Of Three Basic Components. These Are To Live, To Essay Example For Students

Human Nature Consists Of Three Basic Components. These Are To Live, To Essay propagate and to dominate. If Humanity was left without any other parameters, this natural state of existence would govern its behavior. Fortunately, there are parameters that exist. These parameters are law. The topic of this paper addresses the type of law that operates in creating potential boundaries for the behavior of states. This law is called the Law of Nations or international law. Patrick Moynihan, a senator from New York, has written a book on this subject called On the Law of Nations. His book argues that states need international law to monitor their actions and to maintain order. He also notes the frequent departures states do from international law. This essay will reflect his plea to return to the norms that international law provides; it will also discuss and identify the moral dilemmas that are present with international law and its relationship with states. The term laisser aller or letting go is used by Friedrich Nietzsche to describe this state of nature, in which man resides absently of law. His use of the term represents the struggle morality wages against nature and reason. He equates morality in any form, with tyranny and unreason. Nietzsche proposes that mans natural existence be, in essence, nihilistic. Logically, the political entity known as the state, created by man will inherit these traits. Thus, the conclusion is that the creation and institution of international law are in direct violation to nature. However, international law exists and states generally submit themselves to it. . Since most of this law is derived from codified norms of states, the term submission can be used. There is a disservice committed to humanity when the law is broken, not just to those who are weaker in the global community but to the law itself. A violent raping of the law is committed when it is taken in an a la carte form. The constant shifting back and forth from international law to nature creates an incoherent system and a basis for calling the reversion to the natural state, evil. In this setting illegal unilateral action is immoral. Conversely, the adherence to the law is equally immoral. This conclusion is drawn from the virtue of integrity. Either have a commitment to comply with morality or completely abstain from a hypocritical form of servicing the law with words and no conformity. Consistency, is an extremely important factor of a system of law. Moynihan argues that the United State has begun to traverse a path leading away from its adherence to international law. There is clear evidence that the United States is moving away from its long established concern for and advocacy of international legal norms of state behavior. The implication of the United States departure is extremely troubling. The decline of universalism in world politics can be seen through the example of the United States. Moynihan has no trouble in finding examples in recent history to support his argument. During the Bush Administration two examples are cited of unilateral action condoned by the United States, which are violations of international law. The first is the precedent allowing the Federal Bureau of Investigation apprehend fugitives of United States law anywhere around the world. This violates the principles of sovereignty and jurisdiction. The second example is the United States raid on the home of the Nicaraguan embassador in Panama. This clear ly violates the idea of extraterritorality. These actions are interpreted to be in violation to the very law that the United States constitution promises to up hold. Because of these actions and many others that are frequently taking place all around the globe, an underlying disregard for law in the international community exists. One could conclude that there is no real international law but international suggestion. .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .postImageUrl , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:hover , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:visited , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:active { border:0!important; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:active , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Will In The Great Divorce EssayThe moral dilemma does not exist in an isolated location, such as the United States. This is a wide spread enigma that confronts political thinkers of today. The existence of an operational universal system in a predominated arena of nationalism is nearly impossible. The two systems have been shifting since the Treaty of Westphalia, according to Hans Morganthau. He argues that nations are now the standard-bearers of ethical systems, each of them of national origin and each of them claiming and aspiring to provide a supranational framework moral standards . . . This powerful argument proposes that the framework has changed. There has bee n a shift from that common ground to something self-interested. The reason for the shift is nationalism. Each state maintains that they have the moral system which should be universally accepted; thus, only satisfying that part of the international law that is right for them. This gives us international law a la carte and consequently, not a viable system at all. International law exists as hybrid system of law. Unfortunately, consistency is a problem. If this was the case in law on a domestic level there are concessions for enforcement. The international community has no such institution nor stipulation for uniform compliance to its law. This creates a dilemma, how can a grouping of people whose nature is self-interested behave morally without encouragement from a compulsory mechanism?This essay reflects the ideas argued by Patrick Moynihan in the book, On the Law of Nations. Furthermore, it argues the notion of morality in the international community, that either there is complete surrender to its principles or total abstinence in participation. Perhaps one day a solution will arise to successfully solve the dilemmas the world faces in obtaining a world of order. A world where the law is not based on mere custom but a legislature empowered to create laws that are binding to all states. Having a system that allows for enforcement and interpr etation of the law will benefit the now chaotic world that hangs on the thread of sanity over the abyss of annihilation.

The Future of Transmedia Storytelling Essays - Marketing

The Future of Transmedia Storytelling Since the beginning of humanity, storytelling has been an essential part of growth and development allowing individuals to share information. The first forms of storytelling included gestures, drawings, and vocalizations. As humanity evolved, more advanced communication developed. For example, storytelling evolved to using language and text. Today, there are various forms of communication, and storytelling continues to be essential in our society for transferring information in the form of transmedia. Relative to time, transmedia is very new. The use of transmedia requires a variety of media outlets and mediums. The way in which storytelling is implemented has developed critically making it hard to consider how advanced technology will become in the future. Some possibilities of transmedia that may appear in the future include virtual reality movies and shows and advertisement development. These new changes can be attributed to the increasingly infrequent use of physical books and newspapers. Many businesses use transmedia to share their stories through advertisements. Advertisements are a modern form of storytelling that can be quite effective. With the large amount of media outlets and different people watching each one, utilizing as many outlets as possible ensures that many people will hear and learn about the business. In the future, advertisements will continue to develop. Furthermore, the number of commercials and advertisements in media has Increased rapidly within the past decade. In addition, the length of commercials on TV have lengthened significantly. Websites and applications such as YouTube, Pandora, Facebook, and many others have added advertisements in between songs and videos. This trend will continue to expand across more popular websites and applications. Furthermore, the amount of time people spend viewing a screen every day is increasing and will likely continue increasing. This trend leads to more exposure to advertisements as their screen time increases and more applications and websites implement advertisements. Screens and advertisements go hand in hand. As more things become accessible from the leisure of your home, more people will utilize technology to gain and transfer information. This is common in our culture: a sense of speed and ease. Another form of advertisement that will appear more frequently is advertisements within linked devices. Today the linkage between electrical devices is become becoming more apparent. As the moves in that direction so will advisements. Your phone, alarm clock, music, car, TV, and any other electronics will be all synced together. The future of advertisements will also follow this pattern. Advertisements will be a part of all these linked devices. (Wong) As technology continues to advance, the way stories are told is also changing. For example, the advancements in virtual reality have been improving each year. Just as virtual reality video games allow individuals to experience the game themselves as if they were truly physically there, movies have the potential to get there as well. An individual would be able to watch a movie while moving around in that setting, experiencing the movie firsthand. In fact, IMAX and Google are coordinating and creating plans to invent a virtual reality camera (Cuthbertson). In addition, this would allow individuals to view the same movie repeatedly, but from different vantage points. Furthermore, there was a movie released in 2008 named Vantage Point which portrayed one incident from three different vantage points. The actual event captured was only about half hour in length. Similarly, this is how the "virtual reality" movie experience would work. A viewer could watch the movie multiple times, disc overing novel and interesting details each time. Currently, there are 360 video clips, but they are limited and have a person stay in one stationary spot versus moving around. Virtual reality movies are another way that storytelling will occur in transmedia. In addition to virtual reality movies, TV shows will also adapt to this new feature. The difference could be the possibility of including virtual reality commercials in television. A possible example of this would be including commercials that require individuals to complete a short task to continue watching the show. Presently, commercials implement visual aids to keep viewers entertained, but virtual reality commercials would rely more on tasks or game like commercials to reach the same goal. Furthermore, as the internet, movies, and video games continue

The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice

The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice The Legal Aid Act was established in 1978 so that access to justice for the disadvantaged, poor or excluded Australian citizens would be enhanced in a cost-effective way (Bernard, Snipes and Gerould, 29). The Legal Aid Act established a Legal Aid Commission (LAC) that ensured that the citizens who did not have the capacity or means to hire and engage private legal practitioners were able to access the Australian justice system (Kubrin, Stucky and Krohn, 18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fact would help the citizens to enjoy relatively equal and just outcomes of criminal, civil, family and administrative law matters. This Act was also important in that the access to justice and equality would conform to the legitimacy of the Australian justice system. This aspect would therefore help in avo iding social fragmentation between those who would not afford private legal consultations and those who would. The Legal Aid Act[1] of 1978 contained thirteen parts. The parts included preliminary definitions, establishment and functions of the Legal Aid Commission, its committee and provisions of legal assistance by the commission, reconsideration and review of decisions, finances of the commission, administrative provisions relating to the Legal Aid Commission, committees and reviews. It also included consultative committees; miscellaneous liabilities of the commission and finally, the transitional and the savings part respectively (Ilana and Bard, 17). Annotations 1.Denniss, R. Fear, J. and Millane, E. (2012). â€Å"Justice for All.† Giving Australians greater access to legal systems, Institute paper 8(1), 3-8. Print. According to the article, every individual needs to get fair treatment in the courts. It is therefore necessary that he procures the representation of a lawy er in any given court case. Lawyers can be expensive depending on the seriousness of the case that needs to be resolved and the ability and capacity of the person seeking representation to pay for legal services. The legal system operates by the rule of law that applies to all citizens. The high cost of legal representation has fundamental implications on the rights of disadvantaged citizens. Since 1973, the legal aid system of Australia has been providing legal assistance and advice to the disadvantaged citizens who would otherwise not afford the access to justice. The legal aid system has however been â€Å"underfunded† since the withdrawal of the Commonwealth[2] funding. The present funding does not meet the level of needs of the Australian disadvantaged community. The legal aid commissions both at the state and territorial levels use complex forms of mechanisms for rationing and administering legal assistance so that the most appropriate and deserving cases qualify. In re ality, the limitation and rationing of legal assistance shows that only the most poor and rich citizens have a high probability of legal representation.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many Australian citizens belong to the vast middle class. This means that the accessibility of legal aid is low for poor citizens. This fact is true regardless of the strength of the individuals’ cases or the degree of justice that they pursue. Therefore, the legal aid[3] system has certain inclinations to only certain socio-economic cadres of the Australian society. Australians have not been confident with the Australian legal aid system for a long period of time. 2. Rix, Mark. Legal Aid, the Community Legal Sector and access to Justice: What has been the record of Australian Government? 2007. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Plymouth. Print. In his book, Rix argued that legal aid services s uffered due to the withdrawal of Commonwealth funding.Rix said that there was high concern that the quantity, quality and the degree of legal service assistance to people had declined in Australia. The cooperative model had been replaced by the purchase or provider funding. This fact had introduced another level of administrative and financial responsibility hence LACs channeled their funding elsewhere instead of using it in the provision of legal services to the citizens. The purchase or provider funding by the Commonwealth only funded matters that were under the Commonwealth law therefore inhibiting legal assistance to the needful. Many of the legal issues did not completely fall into the category of Commonwealth law and therefore, Australian citizens under the legal issues did not receive legal assistance. An example of a common legal issue that is not covered by the Commonwealth law and therefore receives no legal aid is domestic violence. The funding of only Commonwealth matter s leads to results that are insufficient, ineffective and illogical. Domestic violence should fall under family law which is under Commonwealth law. Domestic violence has a very high percentage of legal issues that need resolution. The purchase or provider scheme effectively reduced the funding required in legal family court issues, war veterans and child maintenance and support. This fact together with the reduction of funding from the Commonwealth completely changed the operations of the Legal Aid Commission. This restriction of funds meant that certain cases could not proceed and also a number of citizens who desperately needed legal assistance had very limited chances of getting the service. The number of people who could receive legal aid decreased and the probability of an applicant to get legal aid was reduced. The legal aid could also be provided with no charge and without any means of test or any procedural requirements. Legal aid could be in the form of grant money in acco rdance with part 3 of the Australian constitution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The current state of legal aid funding leaves many Australians without access to justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fact showed that the commission could provide free legal aid to the applicants and could also determine which matters required the aid (Ivancevich and Matteson, 26). 3. Community Law Australia. (2012). â€Å"Unaffordable and Out of Reach.† The Problem of Access of Australian Legal System 12(3), 120-138. Print. According to the article, the legal system of Australia provides legal assistance to the less fortunate through legal aid commissions, community legal centers, indigenous legal service or other private lawyers who act as â€Å"pro bono†[4]. Due to the reduced funding of this service by the government, the legal aid services have been put in a situation that limits the eligibility of individ uals who are poor. Therefore, those citizens who need legal help but cannot afford representation do not often get it. The Australian government noted that about 98 percent of the individuals who received legal assistance were considered to be below the poverty line; hence this fact meant that most of the Australian citizens were unable to afford private legal assistance. Nevertheless, these individuals were eligible for legal assistance. Individuals who have no qualifications for legal aid usually go to community legal centers which deal with civil law. Civil law issues are dealt with by legal aid commissions. A majority of citizens who require legal assistance in civil law issues cannot be attended to. Due to funding challenges, the community legal centers have not been able to provide effective and sustainable aid. They have only been able to offer limited assistance which in most cases is not enough for the individual seeking legal assistance. Pro bono services and indigenous se rvices are also overused and cannot offer the proper and required legal assistance to people who are in need of them. The need for government funding that ensures provision of legal assistance should be provided to all individuals who are eligible for it. This study focuses on legal aid funding. Therefore, we shall review the financial perspective of the commission which is part 7of the financial section of the commission. The provision of the legal aid as per section 30 of the Legal Aid Act 1987 states that in accordance to subsections (2) or (4), the commission can provide legal aid. It may determine legal aid depending on the matter at hand. 4. Kirkwood, D. Inquiry to Legal and Access of Justice; Submission to the State and Constitutional References Committee. 2003. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia. Print. According to Kirkwood, the National Association of Legal Centers noted that there was a significant reduction of legal assistance in civil and family laws and also across all areas of law due to the poor funding by the government. This fact has overseen the reduction of individuals receiving legal aid. Reduction of legal assistance has really caused undue pressure on other legal service providers because most of the people do not receive any assistance at all.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The justice system has however become increasingly complex over the years. A significant improvement of the laws that govern and regulate citizens has continued to be realized. Australian citizens expect their government to expertly manage their own legal issues because they remit tax to the government. The process of out sourcing and privatization in Australia means that the citizens must negotiate with several providers so as to access basic services. The concept that each Australian citizen is equal before the law has been undermined greatly by funding issues therefore giving an opportunity to only those who can afford private legal aid. This aspect has greatly lowered the community’s confidence towards the justice system and law compliance. The access to justice through legal aid has become an unfulfilled promise of the government since many of the citizens are poor and their cases have not been prioritized. People who receive legal assistance subsequently get limited aid that is insufficient to resolve their legal matters. Empirical evidence has shown that other factors except the underfunding of legal aid services have greatly contributed to the poor services offered by legal aid services. Previous studies have shown that the legal aid reduction had very little effect on legal aid services. The study however showed that there was a high percentage of self-representation. The study also revealed that a lot of people in Australia believed that they were not eligible for legal aid. 5. Rosemary, H. Jeff, G. and April, C. (2003).†Law Journal.† Legal Aid and Self Representation in Family Court Australia 12(5), 23-38. Print. This article focused on the research in the emerging response of self-representation in the family courts in Sydney, Parramatta and Adelaide cities that are populated with people of both middle and lower classes. Most of the earlier research had focused on funding shortages but this research focused on self-representation and the access of legal aid by litigants. The study researched about the relationship between self-representation and the availability of legal aid funding in family law. The results were presented as statistical analysis. The study showed that from the litigants used in the research, only 12.3 percent had received help from a legal aid lawyer. This figure was small and was a reflection of the number of people in Australia who successfully received legal aid. Part of the cases had moved to court without the appearance of a lawyer. About 8.9 percent of the sample study went to court waiting for the appointed lawyer from the legal aid commission to represent them. Most of the clients who had successfully qualified for legal aid did not receive any lawyers to represent them due to the low numbers of legal representatives. This number represented about 5.4 percent of the population who had not been served by legal representatives. Majority of people, 44.6 percent, had their grants of l egal aid terminated or not extended as the court proceedings were on going. This fact showed the unreliability of the aid given by the commission. About 3.5 percent of the clients could not get legal aid for the type of legal issues they had because they did not fall under the Commonwealth law and about 5.2 percent could not access legal aid offices due to their geographical locations. These statistical figures gave a reflection of the state of legal aid services rendered to the citizens. The figures showed that only a small percentage of people received legal assistance fully. Certain clients received legal representation but lacked representation and the grants were terminated. This aspect clearly showed the unreliability of legal aid and led to reduced reliance on it by poor Australian citizens. Case study Dietrich versus the Queen This case is among the important cases in Australian judicial laws. It was decided by the Australian High Court on 13th December 1992. The case demons trated the need to accord fair trial to a defendant and exposed the corrupt nature of the Australian justice system. The case was an indictment of the Australian justice system and exposed its malpractices in terms of violation of the human rights of the defendant. The defendant had to be provided with legal assistance and if it would not have been provided, then the trial would have been adjourned until a legal representative was found. The name of the accused was Olaf Dietrich. The defendant was prosecuted for having been in possession of heroin which he had carried from Bangkok but was apprehended in Melbourne Airport on December, 1986. He had put the drugs in sachets and swallowed them. He was arrested one morning by Australian Federal Police. He was then taken to Pentrige Prison Hospital where he was induced into releasing the remaining sachets from his body. He claimed in court that the drugs had not been his but that the police had â€Å"implanted† them on him. His tri al took place in the Court of Victoria in 1988.He was prosecuted under the Customs Act of 1901 for being in possession and trafficking of drugs. During his trial, he had no legal representation although he had applied for it. The Legal Aid Commission declined to accord him legal representation and directed that it would only help him if he consented to all the charges brought against him by the state. He sought for legal representation and even filed for legal aid in the Supreme Court of Victoria without any progress. He was later convicted of the principle charge. He appealed to the Supreme Court but the court did not hear his appeal. In his appeal, there were several arguments raised. He was represented by David Grace who raised the argument of â€Å"miscarriage of justice† on his behalf. He did not procure legal representation throughout his trial and given the nature of the charges, legal representation should have been provided to him. Another argument was that the judg e should have adjourned the trial until he was assigned a legal representative. These arguments were based on common law. Dietrich was convicted of trafficking heroine but not being the owner of the heroine that had been found in a paper bag in his house by the police. This fact showed that Dietrich could have been acquitted of other charges if he had acquired legal representation from the beginning of the trial. Assessment of legal authorities The Australian legal system is organized and mandated to provide a fair trial to defendants and to deliver justice to the deserving (Lanier and Henry, 25). From the case of Dietrich versus the Queen1, an analysis can be made in accordance to how the trial was handled. The court convicted the defendant through the Customs Act 19012. This Act prohibited the trafficking of illegal substances and properties including drugs. Pursuant to the Victorian Crimes Act of 19583, every accused person was lawfully entitled to representation. The court howe ver did not wait for him to procure a legal representative and claimed that the law stipulated that the defendant had to pay for his own legal representation. In addition, the court ruled that the law did not say that the state would cater for legal representation of the victim (Lilly, Cullen and Ball, 15). Australia is a signatory to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 4. In article 14(3) of the ICCPR, it states that the accused should have legal representation provided to him. The court however denied that and claimed that it had not incorporated the ICCPR into its domestic laws yet it was a signatory to it. As a signatory, the court should have taken into consideration the laws that were provided in the treaties that the state had subscribed to.[5] The right to representation was also enshrined in Chapter 3 of the Australian Constitution. The Crimes Act of 19584 gave authority to judges to demand legal representation for accused persons . These acts allowed representation although many of the legal systems failed to notify the defendants. The legal aid commission was obliged to give aid to indigent defendants and this showed that they were biased. Conclusion The Australian legal aid system should provide services to the disadvantaged people who cannot afford hiring legal representatives. Legal aid should also be availed to all citizens who need access and representation no matter the seriousness of their crimes (Siegel, 4). The Commonwealth laws should also be put into the contexts of territorial or state laws so as to address legal issues and create eligibility for applicants. The legal aid also needs to receive more funding from the government so that it can provide effective and efficient services to the community and easier access to justice (McLaughlin, Muncie and Hughes, 23). The rule of law is meant to serve all citizens equally. It should not be used as a form of privilege to those who have the means. Summa ry of the folios The folios give a clear reflection of the current state of legal aid in Australia. The underfunding, ineffective and inefficient services provided by the Australian government and the conditions for the access to legal aid for the people underscore the â€Å"fragile† nature of the Australian justice system (Hopkins, 14). Legal aid is meant to serve the disadvantaged but the case study reveals that not all disadvantaged people are eligible for the aid. The annotations also indicate that the services offered by legal aid commissions are inadequate and unreliable (Williams, 12). This fact reduces the little confidence left in the community in this system and therefore, this option is not viewed as a solution during legal issues. Acts and statutes that clearly state and grant individuals the legal assistance do not really convey this message to the community. This fact has made access to justice by the underprivileged very difficult because of the complexity of t he conditions for the aid and also lack of information about the aid. These folios can therefore be used to give evidence of the unjust and unreliable nature of the Australian legal aid system to the underprivileged citizens who have no access to the justice system. Bernard, Thomas, Snipes Jeffrey and Gerould Alex. Volds Theoretical Criminology (6th ed.), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010.Print. Hopkins, Burke. An Introduction to Criminological Theory (3rd ed), Gloucester, UK: Willan Publishing, 2009.Print. Ilana, Kass, and Bard, O’Neill. The Deadly Embrace, London, USA: University Press of America, 2006. Print. Ivancevich, John, and Matteson, Michael. Organization Behaviour and Management of communication 3rd (Ed), Tetons, USA: Irwin, 2003.Print. Kubrin, Charis, Stucky Thomas and Krohn Marvin. Researching Theories of Crime and Deviance, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009.Print. Lanier, Mark, and Henry, Stuart. Essential Criminology (2nd ed), Boulder, USA: Wes tview Press, 2004.Print. Lilly, Robert, Cullen Frank and Ball Richard. Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (4th ed), Thousand Oaks, UK: Sage Publications, 2007.Print. McLaughlin, Eugene, Muncie John and Hughes Gordon. Criminological Perspectives: Essential Readings (2nd ed), London.UK: Sage Publications, 2003.Print. Siegel, Larry. Introduction to criminal justice.12th Ed, Wadsworth, USA: Cengage Learning, 2009.Print. Williams, Katherine. Textbook on Criminology (6th ed), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.Print. Footnotes Legal Aid Act is legislation within the Australian law that aims to enhance access to justice for all citizens. The commonwealth refers to the union body of all former colonies of the British rule in the world. Legal aid refers to the legal representation and services given to clients. Pro bono is a term that refers to free legal services offered to indigent citizens. Dietrich V The Queen (1992)2Customs Act 1901(NSW) 3Victorian Crimes Act 1958 ( NSW) 4United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (December 16th 1966) entered into force (March 23rd 1976)

Parallel Structure Exercises

Parallel Structure Exercises Parallel Structure Exercises Parallel Structure Exercises By Mark Nichol Previous posts on this website have discussed syntactical errors that result in a lack of grammatical balance between equivalent words and phrases; this post lists the various types of mistakes that lead to flawed parallel structure. You are invited to fix each sentence before reading the explanation. Absence of One Word Most sentences with faulty parallel structure merely lack one word that, once added, repairs the damaged equivalence. The multiple examples in this section illustrate an array of problematic sentence constructions. 1. More diverse corporate leadership will lead to better decision-making and products and services that are more relevant to customers. The adjective better refers only to decision-making, not to products and services, which share a distinct phrase that, like better, qualifies a benefit; inserting to before those terms to match the preposition preceding â€Å"better decision-making† clarifies that the sentence has a compound predicate: â€Å"More diverse corporate leadership will lead to better decision-making and to products and services that are more relevant to customers.† This problem also occurs in sentences that feature an in-line list (a succession of equivalent words or phrases, set off by identical punctuation marks, that appear within the horizontal structure of a sentence rather than being formatted vertically, like items on a shopping list). Often, a compound predicate is mistaken for an in-line list, which requires insertion of a supporting conjunction and deletion of an intrusive punctuation mark. 2. Crowds fled in panic, taking shelter in shops, hotels, or leaping off the elevated pavement onto the beach below. This sentence is formatted as a list, implying that people employed one of three methods to escape danger- resorting to shops, hotels, or the beach. However, only two survival strategies were employed: taking shelter in one of two types of business establishments, or leaping onto the beach. The sentence, therefore, must be slightly revised to refer collectively to shops and hotels as two examples of the implied category â€Å"structures in which to seek refuge†: â€Å"Crowds fled in panic, taking shelter in shops or hotels or leaping off the elevated pavement onto the beach below.† 3. The contraception app has become a popular alternative because it doesnt involve taking any medicines, inserting devices, or hormone patches. Here, the three alternative contraception methods must be treated with the same structural support- because verbs accompany medicines and devices, â€Å"hormone patches† requires equivalent treatment: â€Å"The contraception app has become a popular alternative because it doesnt involve taking any medicines, inserting devices, or using hormone patches.† 4. Those complaints ranged from water dripping from ceilings and walls, gas leaks, electrical shorts, and stopped-up toilet bowls- or no toilet bowls at all. Often, a â€Å"from . . . to† construction is flawed because in the assembly, to has been omitted, but it is required to complete the equivalence: â€Å"Those complaints ranged from water dripping from ceilings and walls to gas leaks, electrical shorts, and stopped-up toilet bowls- or no toilet bowls at all.† (Note that no punctuation interrupts the from . . . to continuum; this is true even if to is employed more than once.) Better yet, however, when the order of words or phrases in the list does not obviously express an ascending significance, employ a simple list structure that omits from and to: â€Å"Those complaints included water dripping from ceilings and walls, gas leaks, electrical shorts, and stopped-up toilet bowls- or no toilet bowls at all.† Incorrect Word Order The sequence of words, rather than an absence of words, can impede logical syntax. 5. Employers frequently have resource needs, both as part of digital-transformation initiatives and other projects. â€Å"As part of† applies only to â€Å"digital-transformation initiatives,† not to the corresponding phrase â€Å"other projects,† so â€Å"as part of† must be repeated before the latter phrase: â€Å"Employers frequently have resource needs, both as part of digital-transformation initiatives and as part of other projects.† Better yet, simply transpose both and â€Å"as part of† so that the phrase applies to both corresponding phrases: â€Å"Employers frequently have resource needs, as part of both digital-transformation initiatives and other projects.† Absence of One Word and Incorrect Word Order Sometimes, a sentence is flawed in both respects. 6. The cynic in me believes it’s rarely done for aesthetic reasons but for strictly commercial ones. This sentence requires a counterpoint to rarely, and because that adverb and its opposite must share the verb done, the verb must precede both adverbs: â€Å"The cynic in me believes it’s done rarely for aesthetic reasons but often for strictly commercial ones.† Insertion of Extraneous Word Here, a superfluous repetition of a preposition disrupts a sentence’s parallel structure. 7. These processes can be used to evaluate internal controls to prevent and detect drug diversion in inpatient and outpatient pharmacies, research facilities, and in clinical and procedural areas. Repeating the preposition in before each example of a place where drug diversion can occur is a valid (but unnecessary) alternative to allowing a single iteration to support the entire list, but this sentence is flawed in that it does not succeed in applying either choice- either â€Å"research facilities† must be preceded by in, or, as shown here, the instance of the preposition before the final list item can be omitted: â€Å"These processes can be used to evaluate internal controls to prevent and detect drug diversion in inpatient and outpatient pharmacies, research facilities, and clinical and procedural areas.† Incorrect Inflectional Form Occasionally, the error is the wrong inflectional form of a word, rather than omission of a necessary word or insertion of an extraneous one. 8. It has chosen to reach settlements rather than levying civil monetary penalties in all but the rarest of cases. Here, to match the bare inflectional form reach, levying must be pared down to levy: â€Å"It has chosen to reach settlements rather than levy civil monetary penalties in all but the rarest of cases.† Misuse of â€Å"As Well As† The phrase â€Å"as well as† is often misunderstood to be a conjunction. 9. This type of assessment helps further inform management’s overall risk tolerance, target fit, valuation assessments, as well as the overall strength of the target. â€Å"As well as† is not equivalent to and or or, so when the last item of an in-line list is preceded by that phrase, rephrase the sentence so that â€Å"as well as† and what follows constitute a clause separate from the list (and insert a conjunction before what is now the final list item): â€Å"This type of assessment helps further inform management’s overall risk tolerance, target fit, and valuation assessments, as well as aiding in measuring the overall strength of the target.† Alternatively, do so but replace â€Å"as well as† with an additional conjunction (â€Å"This type of assessment helps further inform management’s overall risk tolerance, target fit, and valuation assessments and aids in measuring the overall strength of the target†) or incorporate the clause into the list (â€Å"This type of assessment helps further inform management’s overall risk tolerance, target fit, valuation assessments, and measure of the t arget’s overall strength†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"â€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†Dealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

Nietzsches Critique of Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nietzsches Critique of Liberalism - Essay Example Against the backdrop of liberalism movement that was taking place in the late 17th century and early 18th century, Nietzsche claimed that democracy only worked to protect the rights of the majority, which included the general population compared to the liberal idea that democracy worked to protect the rights and interests of individual people (Ansell-Pearson, 1994). This view on liberalism strikes the right chord because, in every sense, democracy in the modern world is based on the rights of the majority against the rights of individuals. This means most constitutions, the world over, claim to protect the rights and privileges of individuals yet, on the other hand, the rights of the majority overrules. It is only in exceptional cases, which often involve the affluent in society, that this view is applied. The rich are always given their rights when they demand them. The idea of liberalism emphasized on protecting the rights of every individual, but according to Nietzsche, these individuals’ are usually the rich people in society. The liberals did not protect the rights of the general citizenry as they claimed. Instead, they were clustered in one group and their rights were determined as a whole’. Nevertheless, the rights of the majority came in as a second priority since the liberals focused on securing the rights of the affluent in society. This means that the poor or middle income had no say; since the rich people were the main decision and policy makers because only their voice counted in key decision making. This notion created a slave mentality among such liberal states. According to Peters, et al (2003), Nietzsche also believed in the mastery of oneself. He believed that human beings should define their live according to themselves and rid themselves pity of the weak members of the society. In order for an individual to succeed in a society, he should not be tied to any equality standards, but be allowed to go grow beyond boarders in tandem with their abilities. This means that liberalism hindered the growth of individuals since it placed standards and emphasized on equality among individuals, yet each individual has the ability to grow beyond the average. He believed that liberalism emphasized on equality among members of the society, yet in the real sense not every human being has the same potential as the other. He envisioned a society where, individuals would have their own independence and

Level 6 diploma in career guidance and development Essay

Level 6 diploma in career guidance and development - Essay Example All these depict that as a career developer one needs to cultivate a healthy relationship with people. Many theories have emerged trying to explain the existence of career guidance some of these include Holland’s Trait and Factor theory, Bandura’s Social Learning theory and Donald’s Super Developmental approach theory which I’m going to discuss at length in this essay. To begin with, John Holland Trait and Factor theory also known as the Topological theory, which base its argument on the fact that people can be helped based on the human characteristics they possess. Some of these traits include intelligence, self esteem and aptitude. This theory supports the notion that people can be introduced to careers that match with the nature of their characters and a result, this theory has been nick named and criticized as the ‘square peg in the square hole ‘ theory. (Alaos.K.A, Kobiowu.S.V, Adebowale. O.F, 2010, Pg.135) This theory also support the concept of self scrutiny or screening and further stipulates that accuracy of self analysis and career development influences ones career decisions.(Zunker,1990,pg.45). In a case study-James is fourteen year old boy who is just clearing junior High but however does not know the career to pursue in college. Following the concept of self scrutiny, I am able to gather that James has been a very active student in extra curriculum activities and to some extent he has been a football Captain of his school team. Based on his interests in sports, his good leadership qualities and his love for sciences we come to conclusion that James would pursue sport medicine in college. In my career development and counseling profession, Holland’s theory has enabled me to help people to discover their potentials and career through their talents and hobbies. Therefore this theory has eased the task of career decision making most especially with the teenagers who are coupled with