J. Crew Company Analysis

I. Problem Definition J. Crew at Stonestown mall is having difficulty targeting San Francisco State students to shop at their store, even when J. Crew offers a 15% off discount to college students. J. Crew is a very successful brand that reaches out to young business professionals; however J. Crew, specifically at Stonestown mall, is having difficulty reaching out to the college students at San Francisco State University. J. Crew believes the students at SFSU are a smart target to reach, considering the University is located right next to the Stonestown mall. Although J. Crew believes the college students are smart target to reach, many students are unaware of the student discount they offer. Looking over J. Crew’s past marketing campaigns, they have used older looking models. When doing our research, we noticed that J. Crew’s top competitors: GAP (Banana Republic), and BCBG use younger, college age range, type of models. With this is mind, we feel that the best advertising campaign is to follow their competitors and choose younger looking models, in order to reach out to the college market. J. Crew’s competitors use fun advertising methods to reach out to a younger market. We noticed in all of GAP holiday commercials, the young models are jumping around having a good time. We get a sense of fun and playful energy from the commercial, which could draw in college students. Gap also gives off a feel of comfort, casual and trendy style in clothing for the everyday college wear. We feel that if J. Crew starts advertising with younger looking models emphasizing on basic wear of a typical college student, J. Crew may have better success at reaching out to the SFSU students. II. Advertising Objective Our main advertising objective is to gain attention of the college students. The goal of our advertising campaign is to create interest for the brand and thus to encourage college students (the target audience) to make an initial purchase of a J. Crew products. Advertisement should seek to tell the market about J. Crew’s products, emphasize the quality and fashion of the products, and last but not least build awareness of the company. We can typically employ creative advertising strategies in order to cut through other competing advertisements. III. Situational Analysis J. Crew first debuted in 1983 as a catalog only shopping experience by Arthur Cinader. Six years later he opened its first flagship store in South Street Seaport New York. J. Crew is American clothing and accessories for men and women. They recently added several line extensions such as â€Å"Crewcuts† for children ages 2-12, â€Å"J. Crew weddings and Parties†, and â€Å"J. Crew Collection† for limited edition pieces. The retailer is known for its young and preppy fashions including jeans, khaki’s, and other basics that are quite pricy and targeted to young professionals. They have 300 stores worldwide including the website and catalog. In 2003 Millard Drexler the former CEO of Gap Inc. ecame the new CEO for J. Crew by pushing service, quality and innovation to the next level. This caused so much controversy with the two companies, being that they are major competitors. J. Crew partners with the best fabric mills and craftsmen such as Jack Purcell, Timex, Thomas Mason, and Red Wing to get the best quality goods. J. Crew is continuing to exp and their retail series with specialty boutiques such as Men’s only shops that specializes in Suiting and Madewell a modernized interpretation of an American denim label founded in 1937 which targets women ages 18-40. Although we think J. Crew does good overall, the Stonestown mall wants to gain attention of the college students because they offer a student/teacher discount. The problem is many of the college students don’t shop at J. Crew because they don’t know much about it. Swot Analysis: J. Crew for the college audience Strengths †¢Over 300 stores in the United States †¢E-commerce website (convenience) †¢Discount sales ongoing †¢Multiple lines for different age categories Weaknesses †¢Too Pricey for the normal college student †¢Targeted more for the young â€Å"Business† professionals †¢No commercials aired/ Advertisements are few Opportunities Target advertisements to that particular age group †¢Possible commercial advertisement for future †¢Expand to new segments of the young market Threats †¢Increased competition of Gap Inc. †¢During the recession students do not have the luxury to spend on pricey clothing †¢Increased celebrity ad vertisement of competitors †¢More discounted sales at competitors IV. Target Audience Demographics For our advertising plan we will target young college students living in the city. These students will be mainly females, as college female students are more willing to pay good money for their clothing than male students. Because our target audience consists mostly of young college students, most will be seen as single. The typical consumer will only make about $12,000 annually or less, most with part time jobs and attending school full time. Psychographics: The psychographics of our target audience will be students living in dorms and on the campus. We will also target young adults living in apartments near college campus life. Most young students don’t mind a little shopping to help them cope with a bad grade or too much studying. These students will be found around the mall regularly and will be shopping at competing stores like GAP. These consumers will be living the college life, learning to be professional in school as well as out. They should enjoy social gatherings and night events where they can show off their style. We will target students that are often in search for discounts at high end stores, looking for long lasting quality in basic casual as well as professional clothing. They need to be able to finance their money well and buy good quality products with long durability. Profile of Typical Target Consumer †¢Female †¢18-25 years old †¢Single †¢College education †¢Part-time job †¢Aware of quality & price †¢Regular shopper †¢Sociable †¢Enjoys nightlife †¢Active in the community †¢Stylish/Fashionable †¢Full-time Student V. Consumers’ Perceptions Our consumers’ perception of the brand, J. Crew, usually entails the style they advertise in commercials and television. J. Crew can be seen as a style with practical women in finely cut business suits and overcoats. When most people visualize the company they visualize classy and professional clothing. The problem is they are not seen as the standard, like Gap, for instance, they lack the basic necessities to attract young college students. J. Crew just wants to maintain its professional status, but attract a younger crowd who are establishing their position in the real world applying and interview for jobs. When walking into the store, consumers see bright lights and a variety of fabrics and styles. The dresses range from simple around the house to dressy date-night dresses. The one-thing consumers’ can expect to see when entering J. Crew is the variety of clothing. Consumers’ can perceive clothing brands based on what they see on television, advertisements, and magazines. For instance, there was a point during the election, when Michelle Obama was wearing all J. Crew clothing. After seeing this, consumers’ then compare their own lives to the First Lady and the President. It gives off the intention that people wearing J. Crew are wealthy and extremely successful individuals. This perception is false because not everyone needs to be wealthy to afford this clothing. Many people are looking for a good way to be fashionable and professional at the same time. J. Crew provides high quality clothing for a good price. This store may seem more expensive, but price goes hand and hand with quality. College students can choose to buy cheaper clothes, but they can’t be guaranteed to last as long as higher quality fabrics. While, if they were to buy clothing from J. Crew, a high-end clothing company, their clothes would last longer and there would be no need for repurchasing products. According to youlookfab. com one of the customer’s comment on how the preppy and fashionable products were expensive, but the quality and drape were impeccable. Other opinions on J. Crew revolve around the age range of the clothing. Most people look at J. Crew as clothing for older more mature audiences. They believe it should be for women in their 40’s or older. This is a common misconception as the style is mostly for a professional look, but for a young professional style. Models often used in the J. Crew magazine, most recently, are younger looking professionals with a modern feel to them. The store has become more mainstream recently, but still continues to maintain innovative colors and ensemble combinations. J. Crew keeps their nice basics and people can often leave the house wearing their attire from head to toe. Consumers’ often perceive J. Crew as currently declining in quality and have problems with sizes and overall fit. As sizes and fit compare depending on the consumer, the fit would be made specifically for younger professionals. As for quality, our prices may have been declining, but our quality can be just as durable as before. As all retail stores were hit hard in the economy, many stores have decreased in overall price. Quality can often be an issue to those who have over worn a piece of clothing. Many customers will find J. Crew products at a rack store or a second hand store and buy them there. Even though they are usually a few years older, they still remain in good condition as if they had never been worn. This contributes to the proof of quality as well as durability in J. Crew clothing. Consumers will always find a way to agree or disagree, but the best we can do to keep those customers content is to create good quality clothing at a sufficient price, producing long lasting and stylish clothing for both professional and casual occasions. VI. The Competition Swot Analysis: GAP INC. Strengths 3,143 stores in the United States †¢518 stores Internationally (Ireland, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, France) †¢Dominants clothing market â€Å"clothes for the family† †¢Socially responsible campaigns: VOTE, (RED) aids awareness, reducing waste, and strongly concerned about supply chain †¢Lots of commercials aired daily †¢Many young celebrity endorsem ents †¢Multiple lines for different age groups (Banana, Piperlime, Old Navy, Athleta) Weakness †¢Consumers can view low prices as low quality products †¢Not fashion forward for college students more concentrated on Basics †¢Does not create a unique niche in market Opportunities †¢Continue to gain attention with popular celebrities amongst college age students †¢Continue to expand on the new denim line, with high quality fabrics †¢Started working with new upcoming designers to feature in stores at a low cost †¢Expand accessories Threats †¢H&M is a high threat for Gap Inc with low priced fashionable goods and widespread †¢Competitors lowering prices due to the economic downturn Swot Analysis: BCBG Max Azria Strengths †¢Global women’s contemporary fashion †¢9,000 stores over 45 countries and 5 continents †¢Make women look and feel beautiful Recognizable brand and customer loyalty †¢E-commerce website †¢Specializes in fashionable business attire and special occasion dresses †¢Mailers to customers> due to in-store customer database †¢Multiple lines for different age groups Weakness †¢Not to many advertisements †¢No commercials †¢Very pricy for college students Op portunities †¢Expand on advertisement †¢Expand on BCBGeneration stores (targeted to college students) and only can be found at Macy’s. Threats †¢Due to the recession consumers are looking for fashionable goods at a low price at stores such as: H&M, ZARA, and MANGO. Being mass distributed to chains such as Nordstrom, Macy’s, and Bloomingdales where they can offer sales promotions, which will deter consumers to go to actually BCBG stores. VII. The Creative Strategy A. The Single Most Compelling Benefit Our Brand Can Offer to Our Target Consumers For J. Crew, we are using a differentiation strategy using their special student discount, which makes it unique and puts it up against regular retailers whom do not offer such discounts. J. Crew offers a special student and teacher discount of fifteen percent off of all regular priced items, sale items are not included in the discount. This offer is valid for any in-store purchase until the student graduates, and all that is needed is a student identification card. In our current economic situation today, people are more conscious with their spending and hold on to tighter budgets. Luxury clothes are not as affordable as they used to be. Most consumers’ perceptions of J. Crew are that it is an expensive clothing brand. They think that they get better deals from retailers who have the same clothes for cheaper prices. As we promote J. Crew’s student discount and basic clothing items, we have a particular target market in mind. We are looking at this offer as an option or alternative for example, against the retail competition. It is an offer whose benefits are best maximized around college campuses and young professional environments. The discount solves the problem for students who want a back to school shopping spree that is easier on the budget. When we look at dollar value with regards to J. Crew, it is not just the discount itself that we are looking at but also the long-term utilization of the back to school basic items that have multi-purpose uses. So when you think of J. Crew clothing you might want to consider it as an investment, not as an expensive luxury. After all, same with any product you consider buying, you would rather put your money on quality and reliability over a cheaper product that will not last you nearly as long. What is even better about J. Crew is that it is a long term savings on your clothing budget and it will not be as affected by rising clothing prices due to its special student discount. You get more quality per dollar with J. Crew than any other clothing store. With more quality per dollar, consumers can wear their clothes for longer and consume less clothing, which means a lot of savings on their clothing budget. Consumers will feel comfortable wearing J. Crew because they know they are wearing a luxurious brand and saving money at the same time. Now consumers do not need to shop at the cheaper retailers as often as they used to and keep their money in their wallets for much longer. B. Support: Why Should College Students Shop Here? J. Crew is prominently known for being a luxurious clothing brand with higher prices. The brand features collections of men's and women's clothing, accessories, and shoes, in â€Å"classic styles† with a J. Crew â€Å"twist†. Many of the products feature luxury materials such as Italian cashmere and leather, Czech glass buttons, and British wool. J. Crew is the perfect brand to wear every day because it does the savings for you. When buying the back to school basics, you are not only using these items for a professional setting, but also in your everyday school and recreational outfits. The average college student would not normally be interested in shopping at J. Crew, but if they are informed of the college student discount and the basic clothing items that they offer, it will be more enticing to shop there. The biggest push is raising awareness of the student discount because most students are unaware of it. Since J. Crew is not advertised often, it would be most efficient to raise awareness to college students on college campuses with flyers or online through Facebook. When they become aware, it will make them interested to see what the store sells and perhaps tempt the student to visit a local store or shop online. During a visit in store or online, the consumer will notice the advertised â€Å"Back to School Basics† and special student discount emphasizing the basic clothing items. These basic clothing items will be more appealing to students who now know that they can get regular discounts on clothes that they can wear everyday for any occasion. Basic clothing items and professional items will be a great investment for the average J. Crew shopper and many others. The average J. Crew shoppers are females ranging from ages 18-49. Most of these consumers are young professionals or part of families with incomes of $60,000 and greater. The shoppers who are in the age range of 18-49 and do not necessarily have the money to regularly shop at J. Crew, should have a chance to purchase basic clothing items and young professional attire. The important idea of buying J. Crew clothing is that it can not only be worn on teachers and students at school or in everyday recreation, but also when you graduate and get a job in the real world you can still wear the clothes for casual or business attire. C. Tone of Advertising When it comes to J. Crew, consumer’s original thoughts are: expensive, elegant, and older professional. We would like to use a tone to raise awareness to college students and young professionals that would slightly alter a consumer’s thoughts. The tone that we would like to use would be young, playful, trendy, and basic. The tone would push the young professional look and â€Å"Back to Basics† slogan around back to school shopping time. J. Crew does not have commercials so implementing commercials with a young, playful, and happy tone would be most effective. These commercials would include young, professional looking adults jumping and dancing around with popular music in the background. The actors in the commercial would be wearing a mixture of basic items and professional items that are in all different colors to make the commercial appealing to the eye and promote the basics that people may not have noticed before. The idea in this would be to make J. Crew’s advertising more like GAP’s and have it start appealing to more of the college kids and young professionals. GAP’s 2009 Holiday Commercial is the perfect example of the tone J. Crew should promote. Most importantly, these advertisements and commercials need to promote money savings (such as the student/teacher discount) and â€Å"Back to School Basics†. The most important things to a college student is saving money, and looking good while doing so. If J. Crew follows this newly thought out plan, they will accomplish just that! VIII. The Creative Brief J. Crew, specifically at Stonestown mall, is having difficulty reaching out to the college students at San Francisco State University. J. Crew is mainly categorized as expensive and for an older professional. By changing their advertisement strategies to have a younger feel, we hope to gain awareness of college students at SFSU. Our advertising plan will focus on college students and young professionals. These students will be mainly females and most will be seen as single. They will make about $12,000 annually or less, most with part time jobs and attending school full time. College students usually enjoy social gatherings and night events where they can show off their style. They are looking for long lasting quality in basic casual and trendy clothes. Most college students visualize J. Crew as classy and old professional clothing. The brand is seen as expensive but college students regard J. Crew products as being high quality. The single most compelling idea we need to communicate to our target market is that fact J. Crew allows college students to wear high quality and fashionable clothes, while saving money at the same time. J. Crew is prominently known for being a luxurious clothing brand with higher prices. But the brand has also basic clothing items for the typical college student on which they can get regular discounts. Our desired brand personality/tone of J. Crew should be a young, playful, and trendy

Bereavement: Emotion and Loss Essay

Bereaved children need support within school to deal with the loss of a loved one. This may be by being given opportunity to talk about their feelings or through practical activities. Naturally, each individual deals with bereavement in a different way, some may feel sad or angry, some may feel guilty about the death and others may withdraw and show signs of depression. The age of the child as well as their previous experiences, or lack of, can affect what they understand about death therefore it must be dealt with and prepared for accordingly. For instance, for those who have not dealt with loss before, starting with other kinds of loss is a good way in. With very young children this could be done effectively in circle time, using story, discussion and activities. You can talk about loss such as of toys or personal belongings and later develop this into a discussion about pets which may get lost or die, before finally talking about losing people who move on, move out or die. As a teacher we are more than likely able to empathise with children who are experiencing bereavement as this is probably something we, as adults, have experience. Consequently, it could be difficult to separate our own feelings and thoughts from the situation we are dealing with in order to console a child and reassure them that things will get better. It is important then to consider your own emotional response to the death and loss and reflect upon you feelings and how you deal with these situations in order to stop this from inhibiting your ability to help children in this situation. The parent/carer’s view and what they would like their child to understand about death is also important to consider as a teacher and it is important to make sure that you act on their wishes so that the message that you deliver reflects these views. However, whilst this is important, I also feel it is part of a teacher’s duty to help families understand the importance of children being appropriately involved in what is happening rather than being excluded and sheltered and how this can affect them in a negative way later in life also. Furthermore, this raises the importance of working and communicating effectively with parent/carer’s throughout these situations to find out behaviours the child is exhibiting when dealing with the loss and then develop a plan to help the child through this period. Most importantly, as a teacher, it is vital that a secure and closed environment which allows everyone to talk about the kinds of feelings that loss and bereavement bring is developed within the classroom and an appropriate level of confidentiality and trust is maintained.

Reclamation Of Thermal Energy In Coventry Sewage Environmental Sciences Essay

Due to the increasing energy monetary values and worsening energy resources it becomes more and more of import to utilize alternate energy supplying solutions. Harmonizing to the Kyoto protocol and the clime alteration conference in Copenhagen that at the minute discuss the most of import industry states associating to the environment and economic system about the inquiries: How to cut down the green gas emanations and how to cut down the ingestion of stoping fossil energy beginnings? The most of the states have the sentiment that the current major portion of our energy usage beginnings is limited and that we have to alter our blowing devour behavior. A batch of politicians and scientists think that our following power beginning solution is in renewable energy like air current, H2O flow and H2O degree energy, solar, bio fuel and geothermic energy. At the minute planetary ingestion of renewable energy is about 14 % . The biggest portion of the renewable energy ingestion is bio fuel of 13,6 % Erneuerbare Energien-politik Bernd Hirschl, 2007, Page 422 The Technology to utilize air current, H2O, Sun and geothermic energy is really expensive and it is non really profitable, because the monetary value of the dodo fuel, although it is steadily turning, is still excessively low to utilize the alternate energy. But the authoritiess know that the world will perfectly trust on the renewable energy in the hereafter. Hence they support with investings and subsidies the renewable engineering developments and undertakings. Germany for illustration spends one million millions for subsidies for solar energy workss. Harmonizing to Dr. Klaus Peter Krause â€Å" it was a entombment of one million millions and it causes a gold-rush temper since 2004. This must be stopped † . Many people have similar sentiment. ( Die Freie Welt, Solarstrom das Milliardengrab, 23.04.10 ) At the minute 9 different European states under it Great Britain and Germany are be aftering a 30 billion e uro undertaking. This undertaking includes the usage of different types of renewable energy. The web is supposed to link air current turbines in Scotland, solar panels in Germany and beckon power workss in Belgium and Denmark. ( Klima Wandel, Sonne, Wind und Wellen Nordsee ALSs Kraftwerk, 07.01.10 ) Due to the immense outgos for the renewable energies and the for good looking critic from scientists and media it is of import to happen out whether the behavior of our politicians is justifiable. The renewable energy is of import for our hereafter but the renewable energy is really expensive. For that ground we have to see, what sort of renewable energy we have to put to. The media and politicians are speaking about different types of renewable energy, but there is one promising sort of energy usage cipher is speaking about. Harmonizing to DWA-Regelwerk Merkblatt DWA-M 114 Energie gold Abwasser – Warme und Lageenergie, Juni 2009 the heat energy in German sewerages has the possible to provide 10 % heat energy to the German lodgings. Every twenty-four hours a batch of waste H2O flows through the sewerage system. The liquid waste gets filtered in the sewerage elucidation works and runs to the terminal of the receiver. This H2O is polluted and hence chiefly considered as waste without any economic value. However the wastewater of private family, agricultural and industrial companies does non merely reassign waste. During this transportation procedure heat is besides generated. Hence the streamlined H2O has a higher temperature than for illustration imbibing H2O. So it should be considered to utilize the energetic warming potency of the sewerage for providing heat to the local family. Effluent is accordingly a possible resource for a thermic advantage. The renewal of the energy occurs with a recuperator. It consists of a liquid medium which removes the energy to a heat pump. The heat pump converts the low temperature of a immense sum of liquid to a higher temperature of a smaller sum. So with that status the het H2O can be used for warming the houses and tap H2O. The engineering of repossessing thermic energy in canalisation is proved. There are already some workss in operation since many old ages in Switzerland and Germany. But similar workss in Great Britain could n't be found. The heat money changer produces energy, saves primary energy resources and reduces CO2 emanation. So should this engineering besides be used in Great Britain?Purposes and AimsThe purpose of this undertaking is to happen out: Is it sensible to construct heat renewal workss compared with another types of renewable energies in Great Britain? In the 2nd chapter the Energy political relations in Great Britain will be discussed to clear up the necessity of renewable energies. In the beginning of this chapter it will be indicated to the energy jobs and what aim the authorities of this state is traveling for. In the following measure the political agreements will be mentioned and how the state has developed to make the energy purposes. Afterwards the energy production and in gestion of Great Britain will be described to understand the energy state of affairs and the demand for a alteration in the consumer behavior of this state. In the 3rd chapter the engineering of a heat renewal works in sewerages will be explained. The purpose of this chapter is understand how such a works can be used and what topographic points are more appropriate to put in it. Furthermore this chapter will specify which proficient and practical attempts are necessary, which costs are required to construct such a installation, how much energy such a system can bring forth and how much money can be saved. For the possible estimations of the works must be considered the proficient demands of the sewerage system and heat money changer every bit good as the demands of client and supplier. Besides the sewerage system provider has to be researched, which uses the system as drainage. Main responsible company for the canalisation system in West Midlands is Severn Trend Limited. Even though it is proved that such a works can bring forth energy, there are many things to discourse about the efficiency of that engineering. There are a batch of different engineerings to utilize clean and renewable energy e.g. air current, solar, tidal, hydro, bio fuel power a.s.o. So in the 4th portion it has to be discussed which renewable energy is more profitable? The heat power of sewerage systems engineering is really new and there are non really much informations about the profitableness. After comparing all the bing workss in the sewerages the current efficiency and the possible capacity in the hereafter of all renewable engineerings, and after comparing of the profitableness and sustainability of the bing and planned renewable energy installations, we can presume the necessity of utilizing the waste H2O energy. Even if such engineering exists in Germany and Switzerland, it does n't intend that it is sensible to construct it in Great Britain. So in the 5th portion it has to be compared the attitude to the energy policy, ingestion and energy necessity of these states. Most states recognise the exigency to help the renewable energy. Hence the authoritiess try to subsidise the advancement of modern developments. So this work will depict the current subsidies policy in Germany and Great Britain and discourse whether it is sensible to back up the heat pump engineering of sewerages in UK. ( Andre Suck, Erneuerbare Energien und Wettbewerb in der Elektrizitatswirtschaft, staatliche Regulierungen im Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und Gro?britannien, 2008 ) . Furthermore it has to be compared whether the difference of energy monetary values or the energy ingestion for the heat energy of Germany and UK can be a ground non to utilize the heat energy in Great Britain. The following chapter will demo the practical usage of a heat renewal works within a British metropolis Coventry. It will demo some countries of the sewerage system and depict why they are appropriate for a works. In that portion all the information of the work has to be used to happen a proper topographic point and what sort of advantages the peculiar pipes have. The purpose of this chapter is to demo that it is possible to construct that works in Coventry and so in many other metropoliss. The last chapter is a decision whether the engineering is appropriate to utilize it in Great Britain under the comprehension of the mentioned positions: Energy policy of Great Britain, Energy production and ingestion, technological demands and energetic end product of the energy renewal installation and the practical usage in the bing sewerage system.Energy political relations in Great BritainProblems:Dependence: Although Europe and Great Britain is economically and politically really strong power, the state is still really dependent on the resources of other states. Harmonizing to Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe and US Department of Energy Great Britain has about no available oil militias within inland. Global scarceness of Resources: Another job is the energy supply in the hereafter. The chart diagram of Ochsner in the Book Geothermal Heat pump shows that the chief natural energy beginnings will be over in the following two centuries. So there must be found other types of power for the following coevalss. Sustainability means the development possibilities should be constricted neither in the present nor in the hereafter. An of import factor for the sustainable handling with the resorts is the proficient advancement. The development of advanced energy usage engineering increases the energy efficiency, extends the usage period of limited beginnings and reduces the environmental pollution. ( Sustainable energy, taking among options, Jefferson W. Tester 2005 )Environment:The firing procedure of gas coal and oil releases different sort of toxic gas in the ambiance. ( e. g. C dioxide, methane, chloroflourocarbons, Ground level ozone and upper atmospheric H2O vapour and azotic oxide ) . These gases cause the nursery consequence and clime alteration. ( Ochsner in the Book Geothermal Heat pump 2007 ) United Nation surveies ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change study February 2007 ) claim that the environmental pollution will do an mean temperature addition in the following 100 old ages f rom 1,5-6A °C. This clime alteration can be a dramatic danger for the whole human sort. Additionally accidents and edifice effects much pollution during the extraction and transit of the stuff.Purpose:Energy is necessary for everybody in normal class of life and for the growing of the economic system in a state. Energy ingestion has to cover with two challenges in the hereafter. Manage the clime alteration by diminishing the C dioxide end product within inland and abroad and guarantee clean, save and inexpensive energy and go independent of the imported energy. ( HM energy, Meeting the energy challenge, a white paper on energy 2007 )Arrengements:The purpose of our energy politic is the security of supply, efficiency and environmental friendliness. The Oil crisis showed that safeguarding of the energy providers is the most of import purpose. A supply warrant can be increased within a variegation of energy resorts and so a variegation of energy provider. The importance of renewable energy beginnings increases because planetary energy demands rise, handiness of fossil fuel, crude oil and gas is limited. Consequently in the long term it is required to replace limited for renewable power. Environmental protection has two demands. First to cut down the scratch of environmental stuff like wood, crude oil, fuel and secondly to cut down fouling emanation like CO2, which occurs by coevals of energy. ( Weltvertragliche Energiesicherheitspolitik, Josef Braml 2008 ) The clime alteration act 2008 has the mark to cut down the emanation of nursery gases of 80 % until 2050 compared with the twelvemonth of 1990. The short term aim of the CCA 2008 is to cut down the CO2 emanation of 26 % until the twelvemonth 2026. In the EU ‘s Renewable Energy Target and the alteration of the Emissions Trading System: Follow-up study is written, that EU has the mark to utilize 20 % renewable energy of the full ingestion in the twelvemonth 2020. Harmonizing to Lord Hunt Commissions suggestion to make 15 % is realistic. The country of West Midlands and of class the industry metropolis Coventry has the duty to do a part to that duty.Development:Department of Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform wrote in the â€Å" UK Energy in Brief July 2007 † , that from 1980 boulder clay 2004 UK imports of rough oil and crude oil are used to be smaller than the exports. But since 2004 in Great Britain the imports exceeds the exports. So Great Britain becomes more an d more dependent by merchandises from other states. United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change found out that Britain reduced the emanations the greenhouse-gas emanations between 1990 boulder clay 2007 by about model 18 % . Compared with other states has Great Britain besides Russia and Germany the best betterments worldwide.SummeryTo sum up the energy and environmental political demands, the security of energy supply is an of import factor now and in the hereafter. It is necessary to pursuit variegation scheme refering energy medium and provider. Especially renewable engineering is really good to conserve the energy resources and to cut down the emanations. That engineering can besides avoid large energy monetary value fluctuation in the hereafter.Energy Production and ConsumptionEnergy is in different signifiers in the nature available. It is non possible to utilize all energy signifiers straight. It is a procedure required to reassign the primary energy ( e.g. rough oil, coal, natural gas, U and regenerative energy beginn ings ) in ingestion energy ( e.g. warming, electricity, fuel oil ) . The transmutation and transit causes a batch of energy loss. After the ingestion all the private families loose the energy through the heat dissipation to the exterior, inefficient burning and dissipation of waste H2O. Harmonizing to Elissa Minosi ( Klimapolitische Richtlinien der EU und nationale Umsetzung in Deutschland und Gro?britanien 2009 ) energy production in United Kingdom diminutions and the energy ingestion slopes. Great Britain still depends to 98,7 % on non-renewable energy beginnings of primary energy ingestion. Other energy bearer like biofuels, wind hydro etc. bring forth merely 1.3 % . The statistics show that UK attempts to utilize different sort of renewable energy beginnings but it does n't utilize the heat energy of sewerages.Sketch:The current state of affairs shows that Great Britain has n't reached the energetic marks. Refering to the energy policy purpose to unsure the energy supply and to utilize different primary energy signifiers, we have to acknowledge that UK still depends largely on limited beginnings. The portion of renewable energy is undistinguished. Harmonizing to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Britain improved the nursery gas emanations really good. So they will likely make the aim to cut down the emanations of 26 % until the twelvemonth 2026. But there is still really much to make to cut down the emanations of 80 % till the twelvemonth 2050. All in all there is still need for action and the energy supply has n't changed since the oil crisis for 30 old ages. The energy demands are increasing. The inland energy production go es down. So UK is even more dependent on imports. In the current treatment one suggestion can be found. Is it possible to utilize the heat energy in the sewerage system? Appraisal of blowing Energy in the Sewage System In the beginning we try to happen how much energy use British people for waste H2O and we perchance can utilize. Office of national statics says that about 48,5 1000000s of metric tons of oil equivalent are used for British families in one twelvemonth. The undermentioned graph shows that 11 % of lodging energy is used for hot H2O like shower, dish lavation and bath, what goes about by 100 % to the sewerage system. 48,5mill ten 0.11 = 5.3 factory. So it is estimated that 5.3 factory dozenss of oil are traveling into the British canalisations. In Coventry live about 300 thousand people and in Great Britain live 61 million people. So Coventry wastes about up to 26 000 dozenss of oil for the canalisations.Basic rules of Heat Energy ReclamationDifferent types of utilizing sewerage energyThere are three different types of utilizing the heat energy of waste H2O. In the edifice In the sewerage system before the intervention works In or after the intervention works In the undermentioned strategy advantages and disadvantages of different types of workss are listed. A renewal works in the intervention installation but before the elucidation is a intercrossed installation. The in-house heat renewal is non a portion of the sewerage system, so it is non in this work included. Basically the heat renewal is merely sensible if there is a large sum of waste H2O or high temperatures available. Buildings with immense H2O ingestion for illustration indoor swimming pools, secondary schools and industrial constitutions are appropriate for that usage. In the edifice Advantages comparative high waste H2O temperature really short heat transit distance energy provider is energy consumer independent managing from sewerage system no influence of the rainfall Disadvantages low H2O flow large timed fluctuation riotous content in the waste H2O small works with high attempts In the sewerage system Advantages immense waste H2O sum short and medium heat conveyance distances Disadvantages supervision of the works alteration of waste H2O and pipes conditions In or after the intervention works Advantages no influence to the H2O elucidation immense and changeless H2O sum, so the biggest possible energy supply waste H2O is purified chilling of the H2O, so no influence of the receiver Disadvantages intervention workss are really frequently far from the lodgings, so there is a long heat transportation distance dependence of the sewerage intervention works runing companyFunctionality of a thermic energy utilizing worksA recuperator will be installed in the sewerage channel that. Liquid medium circulates in the heat money changer and takes out a portion of the energy of the waste H2O. The het medium will be transported to the heat pump. The heat pump warms with this energy H2O to a higher temperature, what can be used for heating the lodgings or tape H2O. The cooled liquid goes back to the sewerage channel and the rhythm begins once more. The power energy is important lower than the end product of the pump. This system can be besides used for chilling of edifices. But it is non the chief mark of this work. Components: Heat money changer: Heat money changer is the beginning of the energy usage rhythm. The end product W ( kilowatt ) of the HE is dependent from the surface of the money changer A ( mA? ) , the in-between temperature difference between the money changer stuff and the waste H2O I†T ( K ) and the heat exchange coefficient k. The heat exchange coefficient depends on the opposition, what the heat exchange applies to the flow. So it depends on the money changer type and flow conditions of the medium. Mathematical equation: W=k*A*I†T The affectivity of the money changer can be besides influenced by the fouling factor degree Fahrenheit ( W/ ( mA?*K ) ) . This factor has to be considered, because an organic coat can happen over the clip, which can cut down the affectivity up to 50 % . So it might be required to clean the money changer. Additionally the flow rate or the incline influences the end product of the HE, because large flow rate has a little contact clip between the medium. ( Fouling in heat exchange equipment, Suitor and Pitchard, 1984 ) ( Warmetauscher, Podhorsky Miroslav, 1999 ) Heat Pump: A heat pump consists fundamentally of an evaporator, compressor, capacitor and enlargement valve. The medium with a low furuncle point will be heated in the vaporization measure and the liquid becomes a gas. Hence the medium in the evaporator is in a low force per unit area and the temperature exterior is higher than indoors. The temperature difference causes a heat transportation and the medium evaporates. At the 2nd measure the gas will be sucked and compressed. Compaction increases the temperature to a higher point. The heat pump needs normally electrical runing power, which of class must be lower than the usage energy. In the 3rd measure the medium goes to the capacitor where the medium is circulated with the warming medium. The temperature of the warming medium is lower, so the gas gets cold and liquid once more. The energy in the evaporator plus the captive electric energy from the compressor gets released in to the colder heat H2O. So the energy goes to a intent like room warm ing or tab H2O. And after the condensation the medium has to go through the enlargement valve, the temperature and imperativeness gets same before the evaporator and the rhythm begins once more. There are two different ways to utilize the heat pump in a sewerage system. Monovalent usage means merely the works serve the energy to the lodgings. This is normally used in the geothermic energy, because the temperature of the energy beginning is changeless over the twelvemonth. Bivalent usage means the installation supplies most of the energy but in the coldest yearss added oil or gas warmer supports the heating. This type should be used in sewerages because the temperature fluctuates over the twelvemonth. ( Regenerative Energietechnik, Viktor Vesselak, Thomas Schabbach, 2009 ) Heat conductivities: Heat conductivities connect heat money changer with the heat pump. The conductivities have to be every bit short as possible to maintain the cost force per unit area and heat loss down. Heat pump is a devise, which transfers the heat from low temperature medium with added runing power to a medium with higher temperature. Hence an efficient usage of a heat pump is dependent of the heat pump temperature. Waste H2O has normally a changeless minimal temperature degree over the twelvemonth. Therefore it is a sensible possibility to see about the heat renewal. The waste H2O has besides in the winter, when is the highest heat demand, compared with land H2O or lakes comparatively high temperatures. There are two grounds for the high temperatures in the sewerages. First ground is our H2O we use in the edifices ( e.g. shower, cookery, wash, dish H2O, tab H2O, blushing H2O ) has really high temperature and full waste H2O goes to the sewerages. The waste H2O can be cooled down by the temperature of the sewerage system pipes and the rainwater, which flows into the system. Therefore pipes with pure waste H2O from the edifices are more appropriate for the renewal. In the winter the air temperature can be below 0A °C but merely the melted snow above 0A °C can get into sewerage pipes. Therefore the assorted sewerage H2O ( waste H2O and surface H2O ) has even in the winter really adaptable temperatures. There is a 2nd ground for the high temperatures besides the warm waste H2O. The sewerage pipes are largely built under Earth ‘s surface. In the winter temperature under the surface is higher than the temperature of the air. The temperature under the deepness of 2 metres varies e ven in the winter between 7A °C and 13A °C. For that ground the Earth surface works like heat insularity for the waste H2O. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bergsicherung-gera.de The sewerage channel transports heat energy and is accordingly an interesting beginning for the energy supply. But the effluent intervention works operators have a demand non to fall below 10A °C and the waste H2O must non chill down more than 0.5 Kelvin. No job will happen, if these two conditions are satisfied. Normally the temperature is even in the winter between 10-15A °C A? ( Schriftenreihe aus dem Institut fur Rohrleitungsbau Oldenburg, Rohrleitungen-Unternehmen im Aufbruch, Band 12 ) The undermentioned image shows a surface of a manhole screen, what the most people have already seen, but seldom person give attending to that fact. The heat energy of the sewerage warms the manhole screen and the snow is melted. I means that the temperature in the channel is at least 0A °CExisting workss in SwitzerlandIn the following chapter some different workss in Switzerland will be introduced to turn out the functionality and profitableness of heat usage works. It seems that Ryser Ingenieure AG is a Swiss cutting-edge company in that concern. Existing workss in Switzerland: Existing workss in Germany Binningen: Since 2001 supplies the Warmeversorgung Binningen AG 61 Buildings with 300 flats with differen use e.g. School, City Council and private lodgings with about 4.800 kW power. Stallion costs for the heat renewal works are 700.000 a‚ ¬ . The chief heat supply comes from the Heat pump with usage of the local sewerage pipe, with the distance of 70 m heat pump from the pipe and two heat power Stationss of BHKW. For peak tonss in really cold yearss or in the instance of a interruption down there are common gas and oil warming boiler available. Vgl. Dietler, M. EBM, 2004 The most of import informations overview: Apartment measure: 300 Energy production: 2.400 MW h/a Power end product heat pump: 380 kilowatt Length: 140 m Width: 0,80 m Area: 110 mA? Power end product heat money changer: 260 kilowatt Heat pump runing factor: 3,2 Specific end product of the heat money changer: 2.4 kW/mA? Sewage type: assorted waste and surface H2O: Flow rate: 200 l/s Cooling in the canal: 0.3 CA ° Ryser Ingenieure AG Heat money changer: The heat money changer consists of about 50 interrelated elements 3 x 0.8 m. The elements have been installed on the floor of the egg shaped channel. The outgoing and return pipes are on the left and right side of the channel installed. Surpassing and return pipes Heat money changer elements Installation: Provisory installed channel for the installing clip Connection between the elements gets installed Heat money changer elements with surpassing and return pipes entree gets installated Vgl.EBM et Al 2002 Service: So far realized analyses result a 3.2 heat pump runing factor. ( Vgl. Dietler, M/EBM, 2002 ) The heat pump supplies in the summer the full energy for the check H2O unto 70 A °C. In the winter linked power boiler supply the check H2O and the heat pump warms the suites in the edifices, because the heat pump works more efficient for lower temperatures than the tab H2O and the temperatures in the sewerages are lower in the winter. Harmonizing to Ryser Ingenieure AG there were merely fringy upsets. It was even no diminution in the power end product, so a elucidation of the heat money changer and heat music director was n't necessary. The sewerage operator had no added attempts for the system. There is no consequence to the map on the channel. The caused temperature difference for the intervention works of 0.3A °C is undistinguished. Zwingen: Since 1999 supplies heat sewerage works 31 lodgings in Muri with energy. Stallion costs for the sewerage heat works is 108.000 a‚ ¬ and 62.000 a‚ ¬ for the heat boiler in the winter. Two heat pumps convert the waste H2O energy in the collection point in a intervention works into heat energy for edifices. A gas boiler supplies energy in the clip with the most demands. Tab H2O energy supply is decentralized in every edifice. The heat pump delivers 75 % of the full heat energy demand over the twelvemonth. The chilling waste H2O in-flow is less than 0.1 A °C The most of import informations overview in Zwingen: Apartment measure: 31 Energy production: 230 MW h/a Power end product heat pump: 64 kilowatt Length: 10 m Width: 1,06 m Area: 10.6 mA? Power end product heat money changer: 52 kilowatt Heat pump runing factor: 4.6 Specific end product of the heat money changer: 4.9 kW/mA? Sewage type: assorted waste and surface H2O: Flow rate: 130 l/s Cooling in the canal: 0.1 CA ° Heat money changer consists of 4 prefabricated elements with 2.5 m length and 1.06 m breadth, so the full length is 10 m. Operation: The pump heats the medium for the floor heating merely to 50A °C. For that ground the pump really efficient. The steps until now result that the heat pump works with the operating factor of 4.6. The applied scientists expected an operating factor of 5 but they could n't make it because of the much soil in the heat money changer. The heat pump operator has some jobs with the regularly looking soil. But the costs for that are undistinguished. It is even possible to spread out the heat money changer and accordingly the end product because of the edifice technique of several elements. Muri: Since 1994 supplies a heat sewerage works 200 flats with energy. The costs for the installation are 2.6 million euro. The competitory energy monetary value is 5.6 Ct/kWh. The costs for the full undertaking are so high, because of the large heat conductivity web and seven heat pumps. Technology: The energy will take from the purified waste H2O in a intervention works and transported through the 3.2 kilometers long hosieries in cold status to 7 different decentralized bivalent warmers. Each warmer has a heat pump to provide the chief portion of the energy supply and an oil boiler for the immense energy demands. This installation supplies the whole energy over the twelvemonth. Overview of the sewerage heat web in Muri Beginning: Ryser Ingenieure AG The most of import informations overview in Muri: Apartment measure: 200 Energy production: 1700 MW h/a Power end product heat pump: 1050 kilowatt Power end product heat money changer: 700 kilowatt Heat pump runing factor: 3.0 Operation: The medium of the heat money changer reaches 6-15 A °C. The works supplies besides in winter energy. The energy will used for heat energy. The maximal temperature of the warming medium gets from 50 to 60 A °C. The heat pumps deliver 66 % of the full warming energy needs the remainder delivers the oil boiler. The works saves 300.000 litres in one twelvemonth and about 750 dozenss CO2 emanations. The Heat money changer will be cleaned twice in one twelvemonth. One cleansing takes half of the twenty-four hours. The pollution of the heat money changer is really rare because the heat supply medium is already clarified. Summary: These illustrations proof that a elucidation works can be installed in already bing sewerage system and it can present immense energy beginnings for 100s of flats. The illustration of Muri shows that a sewerage renewal works is even with really bad conditions profitable and the energy can be transported for stat mis. All the workss have to be maintained but the costs for one or two times in a twelvemonth of the heat money changer elucidation and the chance of failure seem to be fringy. Renewable Energy The illustrations in Switzerland and Germany proof that the heat energy renewal in sewerage pipes work. At the minute there are many different tested and proofed types of renewable energy in usage. All these constitutions produce utile energy for heating and electricity. The undermentioned chapter will depict the most import renewable energy engineering. Wipkingen Basle

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However, for each schooling type, the reasons for stress may differ: a student’s ability to handle or manage stress is based  on their personality, strengths, and weaknesses. With stress also come advantages and disa dvantages when attending both types of school. The stress involved in each type is determined more or less stressful based on how a student interprets and deals with the situation. On ground schooling allows for students to experience several situations and factors that could cause stress. This type of schooling involves face to face interaction with teachers and peers. The most common stressor for a student when faced with social interaction deals with social issues. Worry of making friends, fitting in, being judged, and or their appearance can cause a student to have stress which could result in low grades, participation, and attendance. Students that usually have issues with social interactions, usually benefit more when attending online classes. Going to school online has limited to no face to face interaction and allows anonymity. If a student is shy or unable to share an opinion because of time restraints in a traditional classroom, online courses make it possible for all students to participate in discussions. (College Atlas 2004-2011) A student that decides to attend online schooling may have less stress because the lack of social interaction, but could experience drawbacks with not having it as well. An online student receives little or no traditional participation and no interaction with the teacher or their peers. Students who learn by hands on or face to face interaction lose all of this when they take classes online since you can’t physical meet with you teacher or peers. (UK essays 2003) When a student has a question or needs an explanation, they do not have the benefit of simply raising a hand and instantly receiving an answer. Instead, an online student must either e-mail, post on a discussion board or if possible call the instructor. Students could determine whether working at their own pace or working by a set schedule is more beneficial to their learning skills. Depending on the student and their learning abilities, determines which type of schooling would better aid them. Online schooling is more seen to have a self-paced curriculum. An advantage to having a self-paced curriculum is flexibility which allows a student to set their own study time. This could mean after work, at night, before the kids get up, or during your lunch break. Even if you need to log in to the campus Web site at 3 a.m., youll still be able to complete your work. (Amy Brantley 2003-2012) When students follows a set schedule, many of them may find the  structure and regularity found at an on ground school beneficial, as opposed to a self-paced type of curriculum that makes up an online school program. (Degree Directory.org 2003-2012) Though, some students excel better with having set their own schedule this type of schooling allows for procrastination to be more common. When a student follows a set schedule, they are required to attend classes and turn in assignments on the dates and times given by their instructor. Depending on an individual’s preferred type of learning skill will determine which type of schedule is easier or more beneficial for them. When attending an on ground school, a student might be required to work in a group, participate in a class project, or contribute to a knowledge-building enterprise, uses dialogue, hands-on learning, or context. (Marcy Driscoll, 2011) Online schooling does not require a student to learn in these ways, seeing as they are only possible when being physically present. Instead, online students may be required to participate in discussions, complete lab work, or research information on the web. On ground schooling uses more learning activities that involve student and teacher interaction, whereas online schooling uses more independent activities. Choosing to attend school online requires having proper up to date technology and know-how of using this technology. (Education Portal 2003) Many schools offer tech help regarding their online classes and most do have basic help desk support available to distance learners having trouble with an online course or hardware. Failure to meet these requirements could cause stress for the student because their grade/s are given based on completion of the assignment/s. For example, not having internet access will affect your ability to turn in an assignment, which could result in a failing grade. When attending on ground schools, technology is not usually required in order to complete assignments. If and when it is, the technology is made available for use for the students. The advantage to having this technology offered to an on ground student is that there are people there who will help a student better understand how to use the technology if needed. There are different amounts of stress between on ground and online schooling that are primarily based on different forms of teaching and the different causes of stress in each type of schooling. These reasons differ from how a student is taught, how they study, how assignments are completed turned in and instances and occurrences they may encounter  when at school on ground or at school online. A way of doing something is considered stressful to one person, but may be considered less stressful to another. Organizing time, maintaining healthy habits, setting realistic goals, developing good coping mechanisms and seeking help if needed can help a student deal and manage stress when attending either online or on ground schools. References Tan, J., Yates, S., (2009, May 23) Academic Expectations as Sources of Stress in Asian Students Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezp00vi9.lirn.net/psychology/docview/887954857/13A9A6956F874EA0FDC/1?accountid=40833 Rukhsana, K., (2010) Perceived Stress, Academic Workloads and Use of Coping Strategies by University Students –Journal of Behavioral Sciences. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com.ezp00vi9.lirn.net/psychology/docview/612887679/13A9A6956F874EA0FDC/2?accountid=40833 College Atlas ‘A World to a Higher Power’ (2004-2011) Retrieved from: http://www.collegeatlas.org/why-online-learning.html Advantages Disadvantages of Classroom Learning and Online classes (2003) Retrieved from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/education/advantages-disadvantages-of-classroom-learning-and-online-classes-education-essay.php Brantley, A.,(2003-2012) Advantages and Disadvantages of Taking Classes Online Retrieved from: http://colleges.collegetoolkit.com/guides/onlinedegree/advantages_and_disadvantages_of_taking_clases_online.aspx What Are the Advantages of Campus-Based Education Vs. Online Education? (2003-2012) Retrieved From http://degreedirectory.org/articles/What_are_the_Advantages_of_Campus-Based_Education_vs_Online_Education.html

The Benefits Of A Multi Sensory Approach

The Benefits Of A Multi Sensory Approach R. Q. 3: What will be the views of the three teachers with respect to the practicality or continued use of the multi-sensory approach based on the results of the test scores after the completion of this study? Teachers views on the benefits of a multi-sensory Approach to that of a traditional Approach. The researcher first starts with the perspectives of the three teachers who states that by tapping into the different senses, educators can create a more concrete and complete learning experience for all learners. Teaching learning concepts using two or more of modalities or learning styles at the same time, means that teachers are delivering a multisensory approach to all students in their classrooms. It is the observation of these teachers that as educators some of us may think or feel that multisensory methods or approaches are only useful for students with special needs, however, research has shown that almost all students and teachers can gain great benefits from a multisensory approach in the teaching and learning process. Whats more is that research has also shown that once teachers are using a multisensory approach to learning they are ensuring and addressing all learning styles and needs of their students. Thus one can be sure that every student in his or her classroom is specifically catered for or to. It is also the view of both the researcher and teachers in this study that all students benefit from a multisensory approach to learning, not just special education students. Every child processes information differently, and this teaching method allows for each child to use a variety of their senses to understand and process information. The three Teachers also stated that by providing classroom activities that utilize various senses, they have notice that their students learning attention increases which makes and caters for an optimal learning environment. Research shows that by using varying teaching strategies teachers can address all sensory preference and increases learning regardless of the individual students primary preference (Thomas, Cox Kojima, 2000). Another research also shows that by using multisensory strategies, teachers can engage and sustain the attention of all students. By employing a variety of strategies the teacher may address the mixed efficiencies of those students as well as the dominant and secondary preferences of others. Thus, they reinforce strong preferences and strengthen weaker ones (Silver et al., 2000;Haggart 2003). Key benefits of the multisensory approach are noted by the three teachers and researcher: Increased learner engagement Generating a greater capacity for learning Encouraging a greater knowledge transfer Improved attitudes towards learning Greater student achievement One of the teachers in this study said to me during the interview and I quote I had a great feeling of relief when I began to understand that a youngster (student) needs more than just subject matter. Oh, I know mathematics well and I teach it well. I used to think that was all I needed to do. Now I teach the students, not math. The researcher notes that as teachers, we should know that students learn differently. Some prefer to learn by doing. Others like to watch a demonstration of what they need to do. Some wants to listen to what is expected. Most students appreciate a combination of methods: a little bit of doing it, a little bit of seeing it and a little bit of hearing it. When teachers teach using a combination of methods that appeal to different learning styles (Kinesthetic, tactual, auditory and visual) they are using a multisensory approach which benefits all students involved by equipping them with different learning styles and catering to their development needs. Effective teachers make a conscious effort to design instruction that incorporates a broad variety of learning preferences beyond their own (Doolan Honigfeld, 2000; Sadler-Smith Smith, 2004) Varying teaching strategies to address all sensory preferences increases learning, regardless of the individual students primary preference (Thomas, Cox, Kojima, 2000)Using multisensory strategies, teachers can engage and sustain the attention of all students. However, it is important to note that like most students remember 20% of what we read, 30% of what we hear, 40% 0f what we see, 50% of what we say, 60% of what we do and 90% of what we see, hear, say and do. Therefore, it is not always possible to provide all four elements but it would be useful to audit teaching approaches and consider how many elements are present all three teachers noted. Maria Montessori was the pioneered of this approach (multisensory approach) in the early twentieth century with young children, who naturally learn by seeing, hearing, touching/feeling, tasting, and smelling. The researcher and teachers feel that multisensory teaching is effective and useful at any age. However, age-appropriate resources for secondary students and adult learners have been almost impossible to source. Until now. We really do believe that multisensory teaching techniques coupled with the use of Axis Hands On resources offers all students a Better Ways to Learn. In concluding, the researcher and teachers have also noted that more recent research has shown that the more senses (multisensory approach) we incorporate into the learning process the more efficient learning becomes for all types of learners. Rhonda Farkus (2003, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol 97, No. 1) states, The power of evidence supporting the benefits of (multisensory approach) learning-style methodology is compelling. Teachers have also noted that achievement test scores of students taught using their preferred modalities in this study are statistically higher (multisensory approach) than of students who were not taught using their favored learning modalities (traditional approach). Moreover, when students are taught with multi-sensory approach instructional resources, (although initially through their most preferred modality), scores further increased. Therefore, teachers in this study have also observer that a multi-sensory approach is a powerful tool for reinforcing language Arts teaching in three important ways. First, it helps get the information across. Second, it helps the students process the information. And, third, it helps students more easily retrieve information already learned. Using a variety of senses simply opens up more doorways into the brain. Teachers views on the challenges of Multisensory Approaches As educators we spend a great deal of our time thinking, talking, and learning about how to best teach our students essential spelling, writing and reading skills. You can be sure the conversation between two or more educators will eventually include the topics of learning styles, multi-sensory teaching, hands-on activities and even traditional approaches. Unfortunately, confusion (and sometimes conflict) can occur when these terms are used because they have multiple and overlapping definitions. The main problem teachers may encounter is that there are too many meanings in common use for the term learning style. The original use of this term refers to the sensory pathway or modality through which students find it easiest to learn. There are four generally recognized sensory modalities: visual (sight); auditory (hearing); tactile (touch); and kinesthetic (movement). It is the belief of all three teachers interviewed that it is very vital for teachers to understand that different learning style encompasses a much broader look at how our students approaches learning situations and tasks and this must often include a complete profile of how our students functions as a learner. In addition to preferred modality, some of the areas profiled must be optimal learning environment (such as best time of day, lighting, temperature and noise level), how his/her personality effects his motivation (such as the need for or avoidance of competition), his/her natural areas of competencies or i ntelligence and so on. The teachers who are part of this study feels that by tracing a word with the tip of ones (students) fingers or feeling the shape of the word is vital to helping the tactile learner master his/her writing, reading skills and spelling words. In this regard, adding pleasant textures or sensations creates a stronger neural impression of the words. Thus in the past, (a traditional approach) tactile and kinesthetic learners were often lumped together. However, some of the most current research on how the brain functions shows that two distinct and separate areas of the brain are responsible for storing these two types of sensory input. The researcher strongly believes that armed with such information listed above, it may be tempting to assume that teachers should determine their students favored learning mode and then teach him/her accordingly. This would be a mistake. Teaching using only one learning modality (traditional approach) could result in the neglect of important reading, writing and spelling skills. Proofreading is an example of an essential reading, spelling and writing skill that is primarily visual. It is a skill that does not come naturally to a non-visual learner. It is the teachers view in this study that is for students to become competent and excellent proofreader, we as teachers must help them to develop excellent visual discrimination skills (multisensory approach). Students must be taught to look at the whole word in isolation, with special attention to its shape or the outline of the word. He/she must also look carefully at the word syllable by syllable to see if there are any peculiar combin ations of letters, unexpected spellings or any silent letters used to spell the word. Finally, students must be given a systematic approach to proofreading his own and others writing. It is therefore, the researchers and teachers view in this study that the use of a multisensory approach and not a traditional approach will best assist and develop our students early and latent language Arts abilities which will prepare them adequately for life and the future. The teachers in this study also feel that our students dominant learning modality may also have developmental implications if not deal with in a holistic way more so in a multisensory approach. For example, very young children are known to learn mainly through auditory modalities; early school-aged students (kindergarteners) tend to use more kinesthetic and concrete avenues; and as a student nears adolescence, they tends to rely more and more on the abstract and analytical reasoning along with their visual recall. Skills taught using only one learning modality ( as that in the traditional approach)may need to be retaught using another modality as students enters each new developmental level and begins to depend more on other learning modality (multisensory approach) to store and retrieve information. Teaching using (a multisensory approach) allows for multiple learning modalities which in turn eliminate inefficiency. For this reason a multisensory approach and not a traditional appro ach is the best technique and strategy for teaching phonic and the alphabet awareness skills to kindergarten students. Therefore it is this researchers view that research has consistently shown that use of a multisensory approach to the teaching and learning processes are critical for all students and students more peculiar those who have moderate to severe learning disabilities. In the mid-1920s, Dr. Samuel T. Orton and his colleagues Anna Gillingham and Bessie Stillman, first began using multi-sensory approaches with his dyslexic students. Orton was influenced by Grace Fernald and Helen Kellers descriptions of the kinesthetic methods used by Dr. Maria Montessori at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco. Orton correctly theorized that Montessoris use of kinesthetic reinforcement of visual and auditory associations would correct the tendency to reverse letters and transpose the sequence of letters his dyslexic students made while reading and writing. Their programme, which includes multi-sensory learning as well as other important concepts, is commonly called the Orton-Gillingham approa ch. Teachers view on the actual implementation of Multisensory approach. In light of the positive results that this programme had produced in terms of students alphabet and phonemic awareness skills when taught using a multisensory approach in comparison to a non-multisensory approach. As a result all three teachers expressed their interest in continuing the use of the Multisensory Approach. Summary The focus of this chapter was the presentation of data collected in this study. The quantitative, qualitative and quasi-experimental data were present using narratives, graphs tables and charts. The data revealed that the reactions to a multisensory approach from both students and teachers were generally positive.

Job Analysis Questionnaires Are Structured Tools Psychology Essay

Job Analysis Questionnaires Are Structured Tools Psychology Essay Kevin Leon Menezes , wrote an article in 2009, in which he said that : Pakistan is actively participating to rename our Personnel Departments as Human Resources, the remaining developed markets are literally asking that : Is HR a career in crisis ? The best answer lies here that HR has an important role and is evolving and we have to move forward and leave behind the traditional administrative functions and to contribute dynamically n positively accordingly. A research conducted by Elina M. Antila Anne Kakkonen in 2008 depicts that the top level management believes that the participation of the HR managers is of due importance and they agree upon that there should be a common policy in this regard. Certain factors which explain the roles in the case organizations mainly focused on certain factor groups and they were found similar across the respective cases. Now, the problem lies here that our situation is completely different than that of the developed markets and this is primarily because of the fact the HR here is mainly practices by the multinational companies. Paucity of the Pakistani firms has developed their HR factions to a great extent but on the contrary these factions are the concepts being borrowed from the West or Japan. However, criticizing the HR seems to be the main issue around the globe respectively. Every organization has jobs and it has to go through the process of staffing. Job analysis is the main process through which one determines the duties of the required positions and the credentials of the people in order to hire them. Job analysis leads to write job descriptions and job specifications. A job description entails the information of what the job involves. In addition to this. Job description brings harmony to the work functions, support to maintain a well constructed salary structure and help the employees to understand their jobs in an easy manner. The main objective of the job analysis is that it focuses on the knowing of the different components of a workers job. The gist of job analysis is mainly effectiveness and efficiency that is to do the right thing in a right manner respectively. The prime motive we get from the job analysis is that it increases companys profitability, productivity and sustainability. A job description is a calligraphy which provides certain information on all the required duties and responsibilities assigned to the individuals performing a job. Clear, accurate and thorough job descriptions are important to the performance of the organization and for the employees as well. Job description is important for every position in the organization. It is a contract with the employee and it must be provided to him. It should be simple and precise and on the contrary if its not precise, it will affect the overall performance of the employee. Mostly, job analysis provides the information in the job description. The job analysis should be accurate and complete. Job description describes the job irrespective of the persons who hold that job. A well constructed job description should be kept specific, manageable and it should also have a direct relationship with the performance review in order to measure the performance management using ones job description. 2.1Job Analysis Tools THE CONTEXT OF WORK (REALISTIC JOB PREVIEW-RJP) Nowadays it is common for human resource professionals to recognize that job interviews are now a two-way process. In order to make this statement simpler, the hiring organization assesses the candidates while the candidates assess the hiring organization and the job respectively. This is mainly the understanding and thus it develops the Realistic Job Preview (RJP). It is now an essential part of the process of recruitment process in which the different organizations provide both favorable and unfavorable work information to their candidates. 2.2 What is a Realistic Job Preview? Realistic Job Previews (RJPs) are devices which are used in the initial stages of personnel selection in order to provide the potential candidates with information on the pros and cons of the job. This does not include the duties of the job but also what the job is exactly like and what are the working conditions to be considered. This type of preview certainly happens in the initial stages of the selection process. It provides a realistic picture of the ambience to the candidate and also covers: Norms of the organization The environment in which the candidates will work The ordinary tasks that the potential candidates may face RJP provides the candidate detailed information regarding the job so that they can decide for their suitability for the job. RJP shall portray a clear picture to the candidates informing them about the positive and negative aspects of the job in order to be successful. It is an essential part of the process of selection in which it gives the clear idea of the job to the candidates after being hired. Some experts believe that if the information provided to the candidates during an RJP is accurate, then it will be easy for the candidates to decide whether the job is right for them or not. By using the process of RJP, it reduces the expectations of the candidates who dont think that certain conditions will meet their requirements. This helps the organization a great deal as when the individuals accept the job, their expectations are not too high from the organization and thus it results in fewer apprehensions. Fleishman Job Analysis Survey F.jas is a hand book for ability requirement. It is a taxonomy which has detailed description of different kind of abilities required for a job. F. Jas contains specific job analysis scale. Functional Job Analysis Scale FJA was first used in 1940. Now days it uses seven scales to find out the performance of the workers Things Data People Worker Instructions Reasoning Math Language F.JA was used for a long time in USA as a part of the DOT. This has now been replaced by O.NET MOSAIC The office of the personal Management (OPM) is using multipurpose occupational system Analysis. Inventory close ended for information on federal court job. The OPM has started different projects; each project is working on different occupation. Two types of description are used, which are Tasks and Competency. MOSAIC is in fact working in all Govt Jobs. OCCUPTIONAL ANALYSIS INVENTORY (OAI) It was designed to yield mal job information It has five categories. 1 information received 2 Mental Activities 3 work behaviors 4Work Goals 5 Work Context. OAI has been used to gather information on 1400 jobs. However the reliability has been lower as compared to PAQ. Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) It is a study of job characteristic against human characteristics. The item of study has five catagories. Information input Mental process Work output Relationship with other persons Job context The researchers have collected a large data which has given reasonably good results. Work Profiling System (WPS) The system was developed to help employees to help accomplish human resources functions. The WPS has computerized system which records symbols of qualities related to personality like hearing skills, sight, taste , smell, touch, Body coordination, verbal skills, Number skills, complex Management skills, personality and Team Role. DICTIONARY OF OCCUPATIONAL TITLES In 1930, the occupational information was local so there was no co-ordination in different affairs. In 1934 a national database was developed and so in 1939 the first dictionary of occupation data DOT was published. However in 1990 it has become less useful due to many reasons. When in 1991 the published fifth edition, it was discovered that the new technological change are making the job more complicated, so the DOT approach was developed by US Employment service, despite that DOT is extensively used in social Security and immigration adjudication within the united state. Job analysis questionnaires are structured tools used to gather information about work as it is performed in each organization. Questionnaires may be used by the job analyst in an interview or completed by the job incumbent. Preparation of a job analysis questionnaire takes both time and skill of individuals knowledgeable of the jobs being analyzed and the development of questionnaires. Job analysis questionnaires may be hardcopy or electronic. They may be designed specifically for an organization, or more general to collect information from a large number of people working in many different organizations. Some conventional job analysis programs ask job incumbents to complete a preliminary questionnaire describing their jobs. The purpose is to provide the job analyst with a first draft of the necessary job information. It is also meant to be a first step in obtaining incumbent and supervisor approval of the final job description. Of course, not all employees enjoy filling out questionnaires. Also, employees vary in verbal and reading skills and may overstate or understate their work activities. Usually, the job analyst follows up the questionnaire by interviewing the employee and observing his or her job. Position Analysis Questionnaire The best-known quantitative approach to job analysis is the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ). Developed by Dr. Ernest J. McCormick* and associates at Purdue University, the position analysis questionnaire is a structured job analysis questionnaire containing 194 items called job elements. These elements are worker-oriented. Using the terminology of the Department of Labors 1972 job analysis formula, they would be classified as worker behaviors. The items are organized into six divisions: (1) information input (2) mental processes (3) work output (physical activities and tools) (4) relationships with others (5) job context (the physical and social environment) (6) other job characteristics (such as pace and structure) Each job element is rated on six scales: extent of use, importance, time, possibility of occurrence, applicability, and a special code for certain jobs. (*During and after WWII, Dr. McCormick worked for the Federal Government contributing to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.) These descriptors flow from McCormicks model of the operational functions basic to all jobs: sensing (information receiving), information storage, information processing, and decision and action (physical control or communication). These functions vary in emphasis from job to job. Job analysts or supervisors usually complete the position analysis questionnaire. In some instances managerial, professional, or other white-collar job incumbents fill out the instrument. The reason for such limitations is that the reading requirements of this questionnaire is at the college-graduate level. Analyzing Job Analysis Questionnaire Data Data from the position analysis questionnaire can be analyzed in several ways. For a specific job, individual ratings can be averaged to yield the relative importance of and emphasis on various job elements, and the results can be summarized as a job description. The elements can also be clustered into a profile rating on a large number of job dimensions to permit comparison of this job with others. Estimates of employee aptitude requirements can be made. Job evaluation points can be estimated from the items related to pay. Finally, an occupational prestige score can be computed. Analysts can have position analysis questionnaire data computer-analyzed by sending the completed questionnaire to PAQ Services. Position Analysis Questionnaire Uses The position analysis questionnaire has been used for job evaluation, selection, performance appraisal, compensation planning, assessment-center development, determination of job similarity, development of job families, vocational counseling, determination of training needs, and job desig The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) developed by McCormick, Jeanneret, and Mecham (1972) is a structured job analysis instrument to measure job characteristics and relate them to human characteristics. It consists of 195 job elements that represent in a comprehensive manner the domain of human behavior involved in work activities. The items that fall into five categories: Information input (where and how the worker gets information), Mental processes (reasoning and other processes that workers use), Work output (physical activities and tools used on the job), Relationships with other persons, and Job context (the physical and social contexts of work). Over the course of many studies, PAQ researchers have aggregated PAQ data for hundreds of jobs; that database is maintained by Purdue University. A wealth of research exists on the PAQ; it has yielded reasonably good reliability estimates and has been linked to several assessment tools